Student’s Learning Achievement with Traditional Assessment and Portfolio Assessment

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Motivation Of The Main Character’s Survival In O’henry’s ‘Soapy’s Choice’ (PBING-23)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgrounds of the Study

Why does somebody do something? Why do people go to work? Why do we go to college? There are many reasons why we do such things.Somebody does something because he/she wants  something  to be done, reached, and else. People go to work because they want to earn money, to  spendtheir times, to increasetheir societal status, and else. We go to school because we need knowledge,or maybe we just want to do our obligation to fulfill our educationstatus. The reasons here can be said as goals.All of those examples make us learn that there must be something drives them to do something besides the goals we have said above, it is a motivation.

For more details aboutmotivation, we can do one thingthat is askingany person who is successful in whatever he or she is doing, what motivate him/her, and very  likely,  the  answer  will  be  ‘goals’.  Goal  setting  is  extremely  important  to motivation and success. So, what motivate you? Just like what we have talked above, why are you in college? If you are in college becausethat is what your parents want, you may find it difficult to motivate yourself.

Someone will have a higher motivation if he is offeredby a reward. For example, a student will have a higher motivation to study when his father promises to give                him       a car            if      he          graduates           soon.    However,                    an       article     found      in

http://www.princeton.edu.rbenobou/RES2003.pdf said that motivation is something which comes from within really makes the difference. Furtherthe article says that certainly,  you  need  some  intelligence,  knowledge  base,  study  skills,  and  time management skills,but if you  do not have motivation, you would get far from reaching your success.

Motivation  gives  significant  roles  in  human’s  life.  Sometimes  without motivation, people cannot grow; since nothing motivates them to do something that will  bring  them  survive.  Hilgard  states  in  his  book  (1957:155)  that  motivation besides being a direction aspect, is also as the energizing aspect.

“Motivation is something that incites the organismto action or thatsustains and gives direction to action once the organismhas been aroused. It means that motives have either an activating or energizing aspect and a directing one”

This is also in chorus with what Champion says as stated by Ruch (1967:376) that motives make energy availablefor the activity required.Thus, although a drive or motive directs the  organismtoward some goals, which will satisfya particular need, it can also work as a general energizer.

Literature as part of our life talks so many kinds of problems occur in our society, such as social status, gender,discrimination, war, poverty,welfare and other human  problems.  The  phenomenon  I  can  find  in  Jane  Austen’s  novel  entitled “Emma” is about motivationof the main characterin arranging marriages. This kind of problem has a closerelation with our life in which it  couldbe occurred in our society, even to us.

Studying someone’s motivation is dealing with psychological approach,since it  reveals  problems  through  the  lens  of  psychology.  Psychology  according  to Davidoff (1976:1) is the scienceof behavior. Behaviorhere means any human or animal process or an activity that can be objectively observed and measured.

Since psychology studies human behavior, we also need to deal with human personality. It takes role in guidingsomebody’s immediate behavior and the further development of his/her  personality. He acts consistently in terms of the kind of person  he  believes  whether  it  is  to  be  lovable  or  unattractive,  bright  or  stupid, capable or clumsy.

Some peopleseem to be very successful, highly motivatedindividuals. The energy, the drive, or the directions come from motivation. Motivation is an area of psychology that has gotten a great deal of attention, especially in the recent years. The reason is that we all want to be successful, we all want direction and drive, and we all want to be seen as motivated.

Motivation refers, in a generalsense, to processes involved in the initiation, direction, and energy of individual behavior (Parkinson & Colman, 1995:38).

According to Kenney(1966:5) analyzing a literary work is to identify the separated part that make it up (this corresponds roughlyto the notion of tearingit into pieces), to deter relationship among the parts, and to discover the relationship of the part to the whole. So, I choose  Soapy’s motivationto achieve his goal in O’ Henrys’ Soapy’s choice as my study because motivation is one part of psychology that can be found from the character in the short story.

In my opinion, Soapy’smotivation is interestingto be discussed because he can survive in  the middle of his problem. He wishes to get in prison as he has to maintain himself warm in the winter time. Soapy is then doing stupid plans such as eating in a restaurant while having no money in his pocket and other foolish acts. I consider  Soapy’s motivation in dealing with his problems as full of struggle. This willingness to keep struggling is finally one thing that helps him to find a way out.

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A Study on the Teaching of English Speaking Using Games To the Eleventh Year Students of SMK Brawijaya (PBING-26)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

It is known that English is an International language which has been received by countries all over the world. The function of it as a means of communication in meeting business or other activities among government over the world. Beside that English is used at science of knowledge, new invention  in field of modern technology, pharmaceutical, medical, etc.

As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English because Indonesia government is trying to improve all aspects which are usually faced by all countries. One of these aspects is education, which is essential. As an English teacher to be the writer focuses her attention to the teaching English as the language of the world. 

In Indonesia, English is learnt and taught to junior high school, Senior high school even at university. English means that something important for the student to be taught at school based on situation and condition of the object area. But there are some problems that faced by the students. It is realized that most students get bad mark. So, it proves that English is really difficult for the students. There are four skills in learning English they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is very important because speaking and human being cannot be separated from each other. Speaking is used to express their ideas and to communicate to people in civilized world. That is way speaking is important. But the students of SMK or graduated of it still get hard to be a good speaker. The problems are:

First, the students feel ashamed and afraid to speak English, so they never practice and use target language and use target language and they always use mother tongue in the classroom.

Second, for the teacher, they did not use variety of teaching such as visual aids. The teacher has to motivate the students to learn English in the class, and create the method of teaching. So the students will feel relaxed, and freely in using English in the classroom. The teacher must make afford to understand the material well. In learning English, The students are expected to reach four skills. Among those, speaking is the most difficult to master.

Teaching speaking can be done through dialogues, picture, games, etc. The teacher should choose a suitable ways such as: using games. If the teacher uses it, the students the students will have a lot of opportunity to practice pronunciation and communication or in other words it means that the students will get knowledge or input from games. Games which introduced to the students are Domino Instruction, What do I need? Sweet  Reason, Dream sequences.

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THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ LOVE IN THOMAS HARDY’S NOVEL THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE (Psychological Approach) (PBING-1)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The study is in the area of psychology analysis. Davidoff (1976: 2) explains that psychology is the science of behavior. While behavior itself is any human or animal process or activity that can be objectively observed or measured. The definition of behavior includes thoughts, feelings, dreams, and anything a person does or experiences.

On the area of psychology, psychologists have observed some phenomena such as thoughts, sensations, emotions, needs, motives, personality characteristics, and capabilities that cannot be observed or measured directly. These phenomena are called hypothetical constructs (Davidoff 1976: 2)

Psychology happens in human mind, which will give the impact on people’s activities everyday. We can learn the psychological study not only in the character of human in real life but also in such literary works, like novel, short story, poem, etc. According to William Henry as cited by Hardjana (1991: 59), psychology enters the area of literary criticism through four ways: (1) discussion about the process of literary creation, (2) psychological analysis of the author (either as a type or as a person), (3) discussion about psychological theories applicable to the analysis of the character’s behavior in literary works, (4) the influence of literary works on the readers.

Rees (1973: 20) states that literature is a writing which expresses and communicates thoughts or ideas, feeling or emotions, and attitude towards life. It means that through literature, we know other people’s feelings, thoughts, and attitude’s in the written form of language.

Kiel (1974: 9) states that fiction, as a part of literature, can be pointed as a fruitful field for exploration in the study of human personality. In psychology insight, the writers usually know many things between heaven and earth that the academic wisdom does not dream about. Great writers know how to give a unified picture of a whole personality trough minute observation of meaningful expression, a characteristic mannerism, or unconscious habit. It can be said that there is an intimate relationship between psychology and literature. Psychology helps to clarify some literary problems and literature presents insight to psychology. According to Henry L in his book entitled Psychology (1984:423), there are two classification of emotion as follows:

(1) Positive emotions (i.e. joy, love, and sexual excitement) (2) Negative emotions (i.e. anger, fear, sadness, and grief)
From the categories above, the writer will focus only on the positive emotion that is love. Love is the most complex and important thing from all human emotions (Tressider, 1997: 1). Love is a prominence and virtue based on the human life. The supreme value of human virtue is out poured from their regard to the life itself. In this case, the reality of a certain person or individual development always has direct relation to the attention and relation of conscious inter-subject. It can be described that life flows from and within love.

Along the history, for the sake of love, people are willing to ignore their importance; they even sacrificing their life to show the expressions of their love to others. If we love someone or our homeland for example, we will do anything for them. The Return of the Native is one of many novels that tells about it. The sacrifice and love are still found all over the countries in the world, including in our country, and is still relevant to be analyzed at the present life. Therefore, I interested in the novel that reveals these human values that is love and sacrifice.

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A Comparative Study On Diction And Sentence Structure Between Spoken News Broadcast By Cnn International And Written News Articles Issued (PBING-11)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Jay Black and Frederick C. Whitney (1988) as quoted by www.buzzin.net mention that mass communication is a process whereby mass-produced message are transmitted to large, anonymous, and heterogeneous masses of receivers. So the number of the receivers are numerous and unpredictable in that way we need to scrutinize which receivers go to which media, In this case audio - visual media represented by television and visual media represented by broadsheet or famous as newspaper. Revealing all aspects of these two media will such an effort that needs a lot of energy and time wasted. So, I will concentrate on the point of the style of those two media as the sender of spoken and written message.

Even though the receivers of certain messages are not only the reader or those who watch television, I will stress upon those two media for their great influences that they have in nowadays time of information, they are television and newspaper. Joseph A Devito, (in Nuruddin 2003:10) suggests that
“First, mass communication is communication addressed to masses, to an extremely large science. This does not means that the audience includes all people or everyone who reads or everyone who watches television; rather it means an audience that is large and generally rather poorly defined. Second, mass communication is communication mediated by audio and/or visual transmitter. Mass communication is perhaps most easily and most logically defined by its forms; television, radio, newspaper, magazines, films, books, and tapes”.

In ‘delivering’ the messages both television and newspaper has their own ideology, whether it is for the purpose of propaganda or telling the truth, and even for entertainment only. Here I would analyze more on the choices of words, grammatical structures, and the length of certain utterances which could lead to a typical distinctive style of spoken and written news reporting. Dennis Freeman (in (www.buzzin.net.2006) state it in his book entitle Style “…..how important are the choices of vocabulary and grammatical structure in producing the distinctive styles of writing that serve to make that ideology clear.” The question is why only those several aspects that is being analyzed? In linguistics, the purpose of close analysis is to identify and classify the elements of language being used.) Stylistic analysis in linguistic refers to the identification of patterns of usage in speech and writing. Other than the close analysis of the style, I will also try to see the correlation of the style being used and the effect towards the audiences or receivers. But the main point of this writing is to provide us with adequate information of what is actually the style of spoken and written news reporting.

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The Effect Of Using “Multi Media” Vcd As Media For Teaching Vocabulary To Kindergarten Students (PBING-10)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

It is very important to master English as an international language. To gain a good result of English learning, people should take a good and effective ways because learning English as a foreign language is a complex task. Learning English as a foreign language is a difficult thing to do for most of the Indonesian students. It also takes a lot of time since English as a foreign language for them.

The same condition also happens to very young learners who are the beginners in learning English. Vanessa Reilly & Sheila M. Ward ( 2003: 3 ) states that very young learners refer to children who have not yet started compulsory schooling and have not yet started to read. It means that it is really a new thing for them in learning English. It also means that the teacher needs more effort to teach them English. As young learners who enjoy having fun, and enjoy things with happy feeling, the students need more relaxing learning atmosphere, so they could join the English classes comfortably, and with high enthusiasm. It becomes the teacher’s tasks to make the situation comes true. The teacher needs some things to be involved in the English classes.

The writer observed that the students of Panti Puruhita Kindergarten Krapyak Indah Semarang, still have difficulties in memorizing new vocabularies. It could be seen in the daily teaching and learning process. The students seemed to forget the vocabulary which had been taught easily. Probably this happen because of the weakness of the students’ memory, the technique of teaching used by the teacher or it may be because of the lack of the instructional media of learning.

The writer aware that the students of the kindergarten are the students who learn a new language during the critical period, so they should be understood it easier and better than other who are not exposed that language during the childhood. In addition, Rudolph and Cohen (1984: 16) state that early childhood years are very important for learning in the basic. Although the children at the kindergarten are in the critical period, the fact shows that the students still have difficulties in learning new language.

In teaching vocabulary to the kindergarten students, the teacher should be more creative and able to keep the students away from getting bored. In order to keep the students away from getting bored in learning vocabulary, the teacher should use an appropriate instructional media. This media should gain the students’ interest in learning new vocabulary. Media such as cartoon, VCD, tape recorder, overhead projector, radio, television, computer, and etc. play important role in teaching vocabulary. They are very useful for the teacher to achieve the instructional goals and the objectives of learning, besides as a tool to command students in teaching learning process.

Webster states that teaching aids are many varieties of devices and materials, which rely on the sense of sight to inform (1972: 664). Without technique and teaching aids which are appropriate to the students’ level, the students may get bored and not interested in following the lesson and the result will not be satisfactory.

In this study the writer wants to examine a technique which is hoped can be a good method for teaching vocabulary to kindergarten students. Here, the writer will try to present VCD as a media in teaching English to kindergrten students. Teaching English using VCD can be considered as one of the appropriate method. The use of VCD as media can be a choice for the teacher in teaching vocabulary in which the students are given a chance to study vocabulary in different way which is hoped that they will be motivated in learning vocabulary.

For the reasons above, the writer wants to try to use “Multi Media” VCD as media for teaching vocabulary to the kindergarten students. The writer hopes that it will be an effective and interesting media in teaching vocabulary to the students, so that they can enjoy and interested in learning vocabulary.

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STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT (PBING-9)

Language learning is important for human’s social development. As a language which is used by more than a half of population in the world, English holds the key as international language. English is a tool of communication among peoples of the world to get trade, social-cultural, science, and technology goals. Moreover, English competence is important in career development, therefore students need to understand and use English to improve their confidence to face global competition.

English as a formal subject is given to junior high school (SMP) level, which the goals are translated as follows: “The goals of teaching and learning English for this level are improving the four English skills. They are the mastery of the receptive skills (reading and listening) and the mastery of the productive skills (speaking and writing), within a specified word level and relevant grammatical structures and notions, in the context of the specified themes which are enclosed for junior high school (SMP) students” (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:42).

The fact shows that the result of teaching learning English is still low. Somantri said (2003) that there can be a wonder about the condition of the student’s English ability. The students have learned English from the first-grade of junior high school until senior high school, but most of them still cannot use English as tool of communication. Zamroni in Somantri (2003) found that it not only happened to the students who have score below five, but the students who have score over eight in junior high school can not use English in real communication in their level. Besides, their receptive skills are also below the expectation. For example, the students who have graduated from senior high school, they still find difficulty in reading English literatures (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:1).

These failures are influenced by many factors. According to Zamroni in Somantri (2003), it happens because of the education system at school just transfer the dead knowledge where the knowledge is separated from the application. Teachers teach materials that will be tested. The goal is that the students get good score in the final test. While Ali in Ant-O2 (2005) argues that the low of the students quality in teaching and learning English happens because the students are used to memorizing and doing multiple choice assignment. Both of arguments above show that the process of teaching and learning English is not so support the improvement of life skills. Students can get good score in the final test and they can memorize the theory well but they cannot use English in real communication.
Assessment is one of important thing that has important role in education. The importance of assessment in education is stated by Hughes (1989) who says that the proper relationship between teaching and assessment is partnership. By assessment process teacher can discover how far students have achieved the objectives of a course of study. Teacher also can use the result of assessment to analyze which material that should be explained again and which instruments that should be repaired. Besides, assessment is useful for the students to motivate in teaching learning process.

Based on the earlier observation, researcher finds that most of teachers still use traditional assessment. The students are given some tasks in the form of multiple choice, do the LKS, practice a dialog in textbook and another task, which make the students as a passive subject. Traditional assessment includes multiple-choice questions and asking students to respond questions with short answers. Many kinds of task are given in order the students can respond the questions with correct answers in the final test. The product of learning is more emphasized then the process it self. Teacher gives quizzes and tests to assess cognitive aspect only. This kind of assessment is just recall student’s memorization.

In traditional assessment process, teachers give less attention and rarely to assess the student’s work. It brings the students become lack of attention toward their error in finishing their work. According to Kasiram (1984:10), learning will be on the decline if the students do not know the result of their work. The students want to know feedback of their effort in doing the work as a motivation in learning process. Dimyati and Mudjiono (2002:48) stated that students would be more motivated in learning if the students know the result of their work as a feedback.
Under the government policy, the Ministry of National Education develops new curriculum to improve the education quality that is Competency Based Curriculum. The success of Competency Based Curriculum may be consider successfully if followed by the change of teaching and learning strategy at class, the choosing of media, and the choosing of assessment process. (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:1). Assessment processes in Competency Based Curriculum are
more varies. One of them is Portfolio Assessment.

Arter & Spandel (in Luitel, 2002) state the notion of portfolio. The literary meaning of the term ‘portfolio’ is a collection of the past work. However, in the context of assessment, portfolio does not represent only a mere collection of the past work. The Northwest Evaluation Association urges that the portfolio is a purposeful collection of student work that tells the story of the student’s effort, progress, or achievement in given areas. Portfolio can be viewed as a systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor the growth of student’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific content area.
The indicators of portfolio assessment are daily test result, structured tasks, anecdotal record, and report of the student’s activity out of school (Budimansyah, 2002: 108). These indicators are put on the list and documented in a file. From the collection, teacher assesses skill of the students. Teacher turns the students to see their ability in learning by using portfolio and turns the students to be careful in doing the work, pay attention to the error in their work and correct the error.

Based on the background, researcher interested in studying the student’s learning achievement in the classes which use traditional assessment and portfolio assessment. Researcher was conducting this study on the students of SMP 4 Jambi, with the title “Student’s Learning Achievement with Traditional Assessment and Portfolio Assessment”.

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AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE AMONG THE NINTH YEAR STUDENTS OF SMPN 3 PARE IN 2006-2007 (PBING-7)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

English as an international language has an important role to develop science and technologies many countries in the world use English as a medium of communication among people in different countries, and also of writing many kinds of books in which those are spread in different countries. In Indonesia there are many kinds of foreign books written in English, whether they are medical, Economical, Botanical, or other books, they claim Indonesian students to be able to learn and to use English in schools or in society in order that the books they read can be applied in various fields so that the development of science and technologies in Indonesia can be obtained.

For many years, English has been the most important foreign language in Indonesia, Which is taught from elementary school to university. However, in senior high school, English is taught as main subject in which the government has changed the curriculum into Curriculum Based on Competence 2004. According to Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2003: 36).

“The competence-basing language curriculum is a systematic draft and strategy which build the communicative competence or the competence of contextual. It means that it builds all the basis of competences themselves. They are like linguistics competences, social culture and strategies to make the benefit context.”

From the statement above, it is clear that Curriculum Based on competence 2004 tries to develop and achieve the communicative competence or discourse competence and has perspective that is comprehensive to the discourse. The learners must be able to master the four skills, they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, also English components such as: grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, etc.

Among the four skills above, writing is the most difficult one. Because it requires demonstrating the control of a number of variables simultaneously; they are control of content, format, sentence structure, vocabulary, punctuation spelling, etc. Nunan (1989: 35) points out, “It has been argued that that learning to write fluently and expressively is the most difficult of the macro skills for all language users regardless of whether the language in question is first, second, or foreign language.” Another opinion comes from Heaton (1989: 138). He explain that the writing skills are complex and sometimes difficult to teach, requiring mastery not only of grammatical and rhetorical devices but also of conceptual and judgment elements. It means that ability to write needs a special skill and process in organizing language material by using learners’ own words and ideas and to be a good composition.

According to the results of the research done by the students of IKIP Budi Utomo Malang show that in learning English, most of the students find difficulties, especially in applying grammar in their speaking and writing. So, they will make mistakes and errors. It describes that learners’ ability in English is still poor and they need to be taught more effectively.

The learners often make mistakes and even errors in learning English, especially when they try to arrange sentences or use tenses in their writing. As a result, they will write sentences ungrammatically. Actually, ungrammatical sentences have great influence when the learners are writing sentences. That can be influenced by the first language which is different from the second language in written form. Therefore, the first language can interfere learners in the process of the second language. Abbort (1981: 216) wrote,

“For pedagogic purposes, teachers and others more likely to be concerned with the performances of whole groups and especially with the problems they have in commons. For these purposes, we need to ensure that the data comes from fairly homogeneous groups as regards mother tongue, age, previous teaching, and if possible, intelligence. Perhaps the most important of these factors is the mother tongue, particularly if phonological errors arte being studied

From the statement above, it can be seen that errors in learning a second language are caused by the interference of the learners’ mother tongue. In other words, errors made by the learners sometimes are caused by use of the first language.
Making Errors are a natural and unavoidable part of the process of learning English. Many kinds of errors arise when the learners write because they do not master the English structure well. Also, errors are the inability of the students in using rules of the components and elements of the second language. Brown (1987: 170) Said that ”second language learning is a process that is clearly not unlike first language learning in its trial and errors nature”. It means that the learners cannot avoid errors in learning second language. That statement is supported by Wiganti (2000: 11)

“Many linguist and researcher have found out that learners’ errors may account the process of learning a target language, in other words, making errors is considered to be natural to the learners. More extremely, they hypothesize that errors should not be viewed as problems to be overcome, but rather as normal and inevitable features indicating the strategies that learners use.”

So almost all learners must make errors when they are learning English because it is difficult to separate error in the process of learning English.
Students’ errors are very useful ways of showing what they have and have not learnt. Dubin F. and Olshtain E. (1986: 74) reported,: … , today errors are viewed as an integral part of the language-learning process from which we can gain very significant insight.” It tells that errors are important to study in order to understand the process of learning. A study of learners’ errors describes what problems the learners are having now and help the teacher to plan remedial work. In addition, the teacher should not see negatively as a sign of failure but see them positively as an indication of what the teacher still needs to teach. So, if the teacher tries to prevent students; errors, he/she never finds out what they do not know.

There are four standard competences in curriculum based on competences in Curriculum Based on Competence 2004. One of them is writing. In writing students are hoped to be able to express many written meanings that have purposes in communicative, text structure etc. They can develop their writing in the forms of genre (kinds of text) such as: narrative, descriptive, recount, news items, etc as a means of communications.

One of genres is recount. Recount tells something happening in the past time, like: history, journey, autobiography, biography, diary, personal letter, etc. As it tells some events, it usually uses sequence words such as: When, while, after, before, until, etc. Then, tense used in recount text is simple past tense, because it tells past events.

To make a good composition, the students must be able to master and apply the structure correctly, especially about tense used. In this case, the tense used is simple past tense. If they cannot do that, of course, errors will arise. Automatically their writing will cause misunderstanding for the readers, because the readers cannot receive the massage or expression of their idea well. Most of the students still find problems in using it, because of their limited mastery, especially the differences between regular and irregular verb. Therefore the writer wants to analyze the errors made by the students and tries to give solutions to overcome their problems. He chooses the title “An Error Analysis on the Use of Simple Past Tense among the Ninth Year Students of SMPN 3 Pare.”



1.2. Statement of the problems
Based on the background of the study there are problems, which can be formulated after identifying the type errors, omitted among the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare
The problem can be stated as follows:
- What analysis is to be described on the use simple past tense among students of the ninth year SMPN 3 Pare?
- What analysis is to be described on the frequency occurrence of the errors made among the students of the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare on the use simple past tense?

1.3. Objective of the Study
This study has their objectives relating to the formulation of the problems above. They can be stated as follows:
- To describe what errors, made among the students of the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare on the use simple past tense.
- To describe the frequency occurrence of the errors made, among the students of the ninth year students of SMPN 3 Pare on the use simple past tense.

1.4. Limitation of the Study
In this study, the researcher used a test to find the students errors. He gave some material and the students all of them. The researcher only took Indonesian students who were in the ninth year students at SMPN 3 Pare.
The student did not concentrate on all structure/tense problems found in students doing, since the researcher limited his study in the problem of tense especially simple past tense.

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EFFECTS OF PRE-QUESTIONING ON THE READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT OF THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS AT SMAN-2 JEKAN RAYA IN ACADEMIC (PBING-8)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is one of the most important things in communication and it is used as a toll of communication among the nations in all over the world. As an international language, English is very important and has many interrelationships with various aspects of life owned by human being. In Indonesia, English considered as the first foreign language and taught formally from elementary school up to the university level.

In English, there are four skills that should be mastered, they are: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The reading skill became very important in the education field, students need to be exercised and trained in order to have a good reading skill.

Reading is also something crucial and indispensable for the students because the success of their study depends on the greater part of their ability to read. If their reading skill is poor they are very likely to fail in their study or at least they will have difficulty in making progress. On the other hand, if they have a good ability in reading, they will have a better chance to succeed in their study.

In reading, to comprehend the text the readers should be able to manage every part of the text, because it is easy to gain the comprehension in reading when the readers are able to organize the text. Sometimes, they may find form of pre-questioning and it is important for them to comprehend a reading text with having knowledge in general view of the text. Theoretically, pre-questioning itself can build the students’ interest and motivation before students read the whole text. Moreover, the students can predict what will be discussed on the text. In line with this study, students may improve their reading comprehension if they know about pre-questioning and it is very important to understand about pre-questioning in order to get good comprehension in reading.

Based on the explanation above, the writer is interested in finding out the effects of treatment with pre-questioning and without pre-questioning on students’ reading comprehension achievement and concluded that the pre-questioning consist of some questions provided before the students read the whole text. It tends to build the students’ interest and motivation to read the text.

1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the background of study above, the problem of the study is as follows:
1. What is the effect of treatment with pre-questioning on the Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Second Grade Students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in Academic year 2006/2007?”
2. What is the effect of the student’s gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007?
3. What is the effect of treatments and student’s gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007?

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A STUDY ON TEACHING ENGLISH USING GAMES TO THE ELEVENTH YEAR STUDENTS OF SMK BRAWIJAYA KEPUNG-PARE IN 2006-2007 (PBING-6)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

It is known that English is an International language which has been received by countries all over the world. The function of it as a means of communication in meeting business or other activities among government over the world. Beside that English is used at science of knowledge, new invention in field of modern technology, pharmaceutical, medical, etc.

As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English because Indonesia government is trying to improve all aspects which are usually faced by all countries. One of these aspects is education, which is essential. As an English teacher to be the writer focuses her attention to the teaching English as the language of the world.
In Indonesia, English is learnt and taught to junior high school, Senior high school even at university. English means that something important for the student to be taught at school based on situation and condition of the object area. But there are some problems that faced by the students. It is realized that most students get bad mark. So, it proves that English is really difficult for the students. There are four skills in learning English they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is very important because speaking and human being cannot be separated from each other. Speaking is used to express their ideas and to communicate to people in civilized world. That is way speaking is important. But the students of SMK or graduated of it still get hard to be a good speaker. The problems are:

First, the students feel ashamed and afraid to speak English, so they never practice and use target language and use target language and they always use mother tongue in the classroom.

Second, for the teacher, they did not use variety of teaching such as visual aids. The teacher has to motivate the students to learn English in the class, and create the method of teaching. So the students will feel relaxed, and freely in using English in the classroom. The teacher must make afford to understand the material well. In learning English, The students are expected to reach four skills. Among those, speaking is the most difficult to master.
Teaching speaking can be done through dialogues, picture, games, etc. The teacher should choose a suitable ways such as: using games. If the teacher uses it, the students the students will have a lot of opportunity to practice pronunciation and communication or in other words it means that the students will get knowledge or input from games. Games which introduced to the students are Domino Instruction, What do I need? Sweet Reason, Dream sequences.

1.2. Problem of the Study
After analyzing what the writer discussed in the problems above, the following step is to make of the study problems. The writer tries to formulate what she wants, in order to achieve the target. Based on the problem above can be formulated as follow:
1. Is there any relationship between games activities and improving the speaking ability to the second year of the students SMK Brawijaya?
2. How is reaction of students after given the material using games?
3. What kind of games activities should be used?

1.3. Purpose of the Research
Each research must have purpose, it depends on the topic, which carries out, consist of:
1. The writer wants to describe and analyze whether games are suitable to improve the speaking ability at the second year of the students at SMK Brawijaya.
2. The writer wants to describe and analyze whether games can give students encourage to learn speaking.

1.4. Significance of the Study
The research is used for:
1. The writer: to fulfill the participle program of the studying at IKIP BUDI UTOMO MALANG, one of requirement of which is to write a script in order to get Strata one Degree in English studies.
2. The students: this research can be used to increase the student English achievement.
3. The teacher: this research can be used as an item to enrich the inventory of English library. 

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