kumpulan skripsi bahasa inggris REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF MENO-MENE DIALECT IN RENSING

 REDUPLICATION PROCESS OF MENO-MENEDIALECT

IN RENSING

MOTTO

Friends are the most valuable

wealth in the world

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved parents, brothers, my sisters

and my best friends.

ABSTRACT

Amni Muslihah Rihul, 2006. Reduplication Process of Meno-Mene dialect of Rensing. Thesis English Language Program, Departement of Language and Art in Education, STKIP HAMZANWADI Selong.

                                               Advisors    (1) Ahmad Zam-Zam, S.Pd, M.Hum,

                                                                  (2) Zulkipli, S.Pd

Key Words:     Reduplication process, dialect Meno-mene

Reduplication in Meno-menedialect can be derived from noun, verb, adjective, adverb. While, reduplication is process of repetition base word partially and completely.
            furthermore, this study express two problems: (1) How many types of Reduplications in Meno-menedialect in Rensing? (2) What are the functions of Reduplication in Meno-menedialect of Rensing? Then, this study is aimed of (1) describing the types of Reduplication Meno-mene dialect of Rensing, (2) describing the functions of Reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.

            This study is qualitative research. The method of collection data is by recording from the spoken utterance and field notes. The method of data analysis is conducted by collecting, identifying and applying the data into analysis. In applying the data into analysis, the writer used the Sasak reduplication system parameters proposed by Thoir (1984) as the conceptual framework and the result of the study shown that in Rensing, there are two types of reduplication that can be form in Meno-mene dialect in Rensing, they are: full and partial reduplication. The function of reduplication in Meno-mene dialect in Rensing can be intensifier, plurality or repetition.

ABSTRAKSI

Muslihah Rihul Amni. 2006. Proses Reduplikasi dalam Dialek Meno-menedi Rensing. Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) HAMZANWADI Selong, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Study Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

                                               Pembimbing     (1) Ahmad Zam-Zam, S.Pd, M.Hum,

                                                                        (2) Zulkipli, S.Pd

Kata Kunci : Reduplikasi, dialek Meno-mene

Reduplikasi dalam dialek Meno-mene berasal dari kata benda, kata kerja, kata sifat dan kata keterangan. Dimana, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan jenis dan fungsi dari reduplication. Sementara Reduplikasi itu adalah proses pengulangan kata dasar, baik sebagian atau keseluruhan.

            Selanjutnya, penelitian ini merumuskan dua masalah: (1) Berapa jenis Reduplikasi dalam dialek Meno-mene di Rensing? (2) Apa fungsi Reduplikasi dalam dialek Meno-menedi Rensing? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) Menggambarkan jenis-jenis Reduplikasi dalam dialek Meno-mene di Rensing, (2) Menggambarkan  fungsi Reduplikasi dalam dialek Meno-menedi Rensing.

            Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian qualitative dimana penelitian qualitative adalah mencoba menggambarkan dan menemukan phenomena social. Dalam mengumpulkan data peneliti menggunakan tape recording dan field notes.

            Dalam field notes peneliti menemukan dua jenis reduplikasi antara lain reduplikasi penuh dan sebagian. Contohnya: bale à bale-bale adalah contoh dari reduplikasi penuh dan bao à bebao-baoadalah contoh dari reduplikasi sebagian.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

            Praise to be Allah the most gracious and the most Merciful, caused of his abundant blessings that this thesis could be complied on time. Peace and blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions for their invaluable struggle to protect the existent of the Islamic society and family.

            In this opportunity, the writer would like to say the greatest appreciation gratuitous and indebtedness goes to M. Zam Zam, S.Pd M.Hum and Zulkipli, S.Pd respectively first and second advisor, not only for their valuable and patient supervisor, guidance and encouragement in times of hardship, but also for individual help and kindness of excellent academic lecturing and personal interactions.

            Also, indebted to lecturers at the English language program, the head Department of Language and Art Education, the staff of the English language program for their helpful and friendly service.

            Finally, love and endless gratitude to beloved parents, brother, and sister and all of friends whom give support and constant prayer, May Allah bless them all. Amin.

Pancor, ………………… 2006

Writer

CHAPTER I 

INTRODUCTION

            This chapter discusses and presents about background of the problem, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scopes and limitation of the study and definition of key terms.

1.1.  Background of the Problem

            Language is used to communicate, language consists of many aspects such as: phonology, syntax and also semantic. There are many local language in Indonesia, one of them is Sasak. It is used to communicate in Lombok. Sasak language which is spread and used in Lombok island consists of some dialects. Thoir (1989: 11) states that Sasak is divided into five dialects. These five dialects are: Ngeno-Ngene dialect found in East Lombok (Selaparang), Meno-menedialect in Pejanggik and surrounding areas, Meriak-meriku around Pujut, Kuto-kutearound Bayan, and Nggeto-nggete in Suralaga and Sembalun region. Rensing is included in Meno-mene dialects. Furthermore, Esser (1994: 14) stated that Sasak is generally classified as a part of Austronesian language family and it is classified in western Malago Polynesian.

            The writer focuses her research on one of the above dialects namely: Meno-mene dialect in which used by East Lombok society. Rensing belong to Sakra Barat district and located in East Lombok. In Meno-mene dialect of Rensing it is found a lot of reduplication of words. Reduplication is the process of repetition of word partially and completely, for examples are: bale-bale (houses). Reduplication is one of morphological process. It  is the process of forming a base word by another word. The example of morphological process: books. Reduplication in Meno-menedialect is mostly the same as Indonesian reduplication but there are one or two differences in Sasak Meno-mene dialect (SMD) such as prefixes and suffixes.

            The writer discusses about Meno-menedialect in reduplication of Sasak language because the background of the writer is Sasak and speaks Sasak language in this case the writer intends to obtain the data. The writer is also able to interact with language society in Meno-mene dialects.

1.2.  Statement of the Problems

            Related to the problem on reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing, the researcher intends to find out the answers of some research questions.

1. How many types of reduplication are in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing?
2. What are the functions of reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing?

1.3.  Objectives of the Study

            This study is concentrated on the following objectives:

1. To describe the types of reduplication Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.
2. To describe the functions of reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.

1.4.  Significances of the Study

This study can be expected significant, theoretically and practically.

1.4.1.      Theoretically

1.      The research result are able to make clear reduplication process of Meno-mene dialect.

2.      The research results have contribution towards the development of linguistic knowledge primary for morphological field.

3.      The result of the research can be as reference for the next researchers who are interested in conducting the research about morphology.

1.4.2.      Practically

The result of the research are hoped useful for language, society especially for who has the interesting in morphological study.

1.5.  Scopes and Limitation of the Study

            The scope of this study is limited to the discussion about reduplication on the base words, affixes forms, and compound words in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.

1.6.  Definition of Key Terms

            To avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation among the readers the researcher gives definition to the following terms as follows:

1.      Reduplication process is process of repetition of the base words partially and completely.

2.      Meno-mene dialect is one of the Sasak language user by people in Rensing.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter describes about definition of morphology, morphological process, definition of morpheme, definition of reduplication, function of reduplication and kinds of reduplication.

2.1.       Definition of Morphology

            Language consists of some aspects and morphology is one of these aspects. While morphology is a set of rules with dual functions, first theme responsible for word formation, the formation of new word, second they represent the speaker unconscious knowledge of the internal structure of the already existing of the language (O’Grady, 1991: 91). According to Verhaar, (2001:98), morphology is the identification unit of language as grammatical unit. While, Ramlan (2001: 11) stated that morphology is a study about formation of words that appear as grammatical event of grammatical meaning.

Based on the explanation above, morphology is a study about formation of word with grammatical and contextual. Morphology deals with the internal structure of complex words. The words of language can be divided into two broad categories those are closed and open morphology. The closed category is the function of words, which consist of pronoun like you and she; conjunction like and, if and because, determine like a and theand a few others, while the open category of words consists of noun (N), verb (V), adjective (adj) and adverb (adv), (O’Grady, 1991: 89).

            While O’Grady (1991:89) also stated that there are two basic types of word in human language i.e. simple word and complex word. Simple word is a word which cannot be broken down into smaller meaning, while complex word can be analyzed into constituent parts.

2.1.1.      Morphological Process

            According to Ramlan (in Haimun, 2004: 49), Morphological process is forming words from the base forms. While Samsuri in Haimun (2004: 60) stated that morphological process is a way of words by combining one morpheme with another morpheme. Based on the explanation above morphological process is a process of forming base words from another unit of words.

            Morphological process divided into three processes: Reduplication process, affixation process and compounds process. Reduplication is partial and complete base word semantically and grammatically. According to Thoir (1989: 14) reduplication may come from single word and complex word, single word consist of base word, while complex word consist of word with affixation word and compound word. Affixation process is the process of growing affixes into elements of words, and compound process is process of combining one words with another word.

2.1.2.      Morphemic Reduplication

            According to Ramlan (in Haimun, 2004: 63), reduplication is a repetition of a grammatical unit, it can be with or without a change of phoneme. The resent of repetition called reduplication, while the repealed base is called base form.

For example in Indonesia:

¨      Anak       à     anak-anak

¨      Sunyi       à      sunyi senyap

            The example of number one shows that noun morpheme in morpheme reduplication that change the meaning from singular into plural. Number two is example of compound reduplication. The base word is “sunyi”, the meaning is change after putting the new word “senyap” the new word shows intensity of word “sunyi” (quiet).

2.2.       Morphemes

            Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit. Morpheme can be divided into two groups i.e.: free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme can constitute a word by itself, and bound morpheme must be attached to another element. The morpheme house, for example is free since it can be used as a word on its own: plural-s, on the other hand is bound (O’Grady, 1991:94).

            While Yule (1981:60) stated that free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand by itself as a single word, while bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone. The free morpheme can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-form. When it is used with bound morpheme, theadjectives and verb, which we think of as the words which carry the “content of messages we convey. These free morpheme are called lexical morpheme for example: boy, man, house, tiger.

            The other group of free morphemes are called functional morpheme for example: and, but, when, because, on, near. This set largely consist of functional word in the language such as: conjunction, preposition, articles, and pronoun.

            According to Yule (1981:61), bound morphemes can be divided into two types, derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morpheme, is morpheme which is used to form new words in the language and it is often form a word of a different grammatical categories from stem. Suffixes and prefixes included to derivational morpheme. While inflectional morpheme is morpheme, which is used to produce new word in the language, but rather to indicate the aspect of grammatical function of word.

            The example of inflectional morpheme: The boy’s wildness shocked the teachers.

The                   boy                -s                   wild         -ness

(functional)      (lexical)         (inflectional) (lexical)   (derivational)

shock                - ed                the                 teach       -er                     -s

(lexical)            (inflectional) (functional)   (lexical)   (inflectional)    (inflectional)

            Sasak language also has free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme can be found on the word “bale” (house). In the morpheme process, the word “bale” can be repeated become “bale-bale” while bound morpheme can be found in suffix    -suffix “ng”- It can be attached with the word “empok” become “ngempok-empok”. It has meaning is strike.

2.2.1.      Reduplication

            According to Pateda (1983:143), reduplication is one of many result of morphological process. While Ramlan (2000:11), stated that reduplication is repetition of grammatical combination of all parts in a variation of phoneme or not.

            Furthermore, Simatupang (1983:11) stated that derivational process is morpheme process which change category class of word that attach to. Reduplication can be found in free contexts and bound contexts, but the writer just discussed about derivational of reduplication. Reduplication process derived from base words, affixed words, base compound words, and affixes compound words.

2.2.2. Function of Reduplication

            According to Rosen (1987:11), there are three functions of reduplication i.e.:

1)      Distributive force indefiniteness

Distributive force indefiniteness, which can also be called diffuseness, distributive force involves cases in which the goal of the verb is not definite and indefinite pronoun like “someone” and “anyone” which do not refer to specific person. Based on the explanation above distributive force indefiniteness refer to definite indefinite. On the other hand diffuseness is not the same as plurality but refers to specific person.

2)      Simile involves to the case in which the verb mean to be like “something” which contain the idea of subject.

This function can be manifested in Indonesian by different combination of the grammatical process, one process is affix pair ke-an and reduplication applied to adjectives. Based on the explanation above simile refer to concrete nouns and adjective.

3)      Intensiveness

Intensiveness includes to the cases that convey the idea of approaching limit. This function emphasis to the verb reduplicated.

2.2.3. Kinds of Reduplication

            According to Soedjono Dardjowidjojo (1986:14), reduplication divided into two groups i.e.: functional reduplication and accidental reduplication. Functional reduplication is repetition of base word completely and partially and has a semantic relation, while accidental is repetition of base word, but there is no semantic relation. Based on the explanation above, functional reduplication is repetition of base word partially and completely and have semantic relation. While accidental reduplication is repetition of base word that has no semantic relation. For example: se-olah-olah “as if, se-akan-akan” as if and ber-pura-pura” pretend.

            However, since these form seem to have a strong semantic relation with other verb when the word repeated it has the meaning “to pretend” it is included to the category of functional reduplication.

            While, Simatupang (1983:16 – 18) divided reduplication into two groups i.e.: morphemic reduplication and the semantic reduplication. Morphemic reduplication divided into two parts too i.e.: full of reduplication and part of reduplication. Full of reduplication is repetition of all base forms without changing of phoneme and there is no combination by affixes process. While, part of reduplication is repetition part of base form.

1.      Morphemic reduplication

Full of reduplication

1.1.1        Reduplication without affix

Anak-anak : (stem reduplication)

Childs

1.1.2        Reduplication with affixes

a.       Reduplication with prefix

Memukul-mukul : (stem + reduplication me-)

Often to strike

b.      Reduplication with simulfix

Hormat-menghormati : (stem + reduplication + me-i)

Respect each other

c.       Reduplication with suffix

Besar-besaran : (stem + reduplication + -an)

To compare something which one more big.

d.      Reduplication with infix

Gilang-gemilang : (stem + reduplication + -em)

            Bright / shinning

Full of reduplication by changing phoneme.

Reduplication change of consonant without affix

Sayur-mayur : (stem + R change of consonant)

Many kind of vegetables

Bolak-balik : (stem + R change of vocal)

Come and go

Reduplication change of consonant with affix

Beramah-ramah : (stem + R change of consonant + ber)

To be friendly

Reduplication change of consonant with simulfix

Keramah-tamahan : (stem + R change of consonant + ke-an)

Hospitality

2.      Part of reduplication

Part of reduplication with affix

Dedaunan : (stem + part of reduplication + -an)

Many leafs

           In Sasak language, parts of reduplication with affix –an to form plural in Indonesian language is not needed in Sasak language, but plural can be formed through repetition of the first syllable of the words without prefix-an.

3.      Semantic reduplication

Semantic reduplication without affix

Sopan-santun

Very polite

Semantic reduplication with affix

Menghancur-leburkan : (stem + semantic reduplication + me-kan)

Some of these reduplications can be found in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.

2.4.  Theoretical Framework

            Morphological process is a way of forming by combining one morpheme with another morpheme, whereas Reduplication is one of morphological process. Reduplication is process of repetition a base words partially and completely. (Rosen, 1987: 12). Furthermore, Reduplication is repetition of grammatical combination all part in variation of phoneme or not (Ramlan, 1992: 1).

            Reduplication derived from adjective, verb, adverb, noun and the function of reduplication defends on the types of words and categories words. Whereas reduplication not change categories of words.

            The reduplications happen with the affixation process and together support the function of reduplication (Ramlan, 1997: 73).

Definition of Dialect

            Dialect is the different variation of language that is caused by different location or area. According to Haryanto dialect is variation of standard language because different structure and sound. Furthermore (Keraf, 1979: 19) states that dialect is unity of idiolects which is marked by the characteristic in sound, word, and utterance. Based on explanation above, dialect is one of variation language that is caused by different location or area.

Types of Dialect

            Lombok islands consists of some dialects. Dialects used in Lombok island Sasak tribe consists of four dialect, they are: Selaparang dialect, Pejanggik dialect, Pujut dialect, and Petung Bayan dialect. Thoir (1989: 11) states that Sasak is divided into five dialects. These five dialects are: Ngeno-ngene dialect, found in East Lombok (Selaparang), Meno-mene dialect in Petung Bayan, Meriak-Meriku around Pujut, Kuto-kute around Petung Bayan, and Nggeto-nggete in Suralaga and Sembalun region. Each of regions used different dialect it depend on the region.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

            This chapter describes about research design, data and source of data, instrument of the research, technique of collecting data, data analysis and the trustworthiness of data.

3.1.       Research Design

            This research is categorized into descriptive research. Descriptive research tries to describe about research object, focus in the fact, find the fact of life (Hadary, 1998: 73). It means that descriptive tries finding, analyzing and giving the conclusion of the data which have been found. This study included qualitative research, while qualitative research aims at finding, exploring and evaluating the trustiness of education by using scientific method (Hadi, 1981: 63). Therefore the qualitative research focuses on the process of finding and answering the research problem. According Ary (2002: 426) research design is the researcher plan of how to process an understanding of some group or some phenomenon in its natural setting. The design began with general statement of a research problem or topic. Furthermore, Guba (1985: 224) states that there are some steps of research design: determine focuses of research, determine technique of research, determine collect of research and determine of data analysis.

3.2.       Type of Data and Source of Data

            The respondent of this study is people in Rensing areas that use Sasak language Meno-mene dialect. In this case, the research obtained the data from people in Rensing, and the number of respondent were selected base on age. Because of the result of research would maximum and can be achieved, their age about 17. In which criteria of the respondent are native people of Rensing, and using Sasak language Meno-mene dialect.

3.3.       Instrument of Research

            In this study, the writer as key instrument of research because the writer directly involved in this research. The writer used tape recorder, and the field notes, and the result of recording would written in Sasak language. The recording carried out to collect the data about reduplication process in Meno-Mene dialect in Rensing, and the aim of recording is to collect the data from language user of Meno-mene dialect in the form of spoken utterance.

3.4.       Technique of Collect the Data

            The data obtained through recording and field notes. In which in the recording the researcher not directly record conversation of the respondent and the researcher not interview but only recording. Recording contain of informal conversation.

3.4.1.      Recording

Basically, the recording is process of record conversation of respondent. The recording deals with utterance of respondent. In this case, recording data are obtained through interviewing process and field notes. In the field of the study, this recording will mainly contribute to get verbal data or dialogues that cannot be understood directly by the respondent.

3.4.2.      Field Notes

            The most common of recording the data, collected during observation is field notes, the researcher may make brief notes during the observation. The contain of the filed notes what the researcher seen and heard. Field notes in this study with the result of recording.

3.5.       Data Analysis

            Generally, data analysis in this study is conducted by reducing the data, displaying data, drawing conclusion and verifying the data (Nasution, 1998: 10). This study uses descriptive comparative method. The aim of this method is to describe reduplication process in Meno-mene dialect, and the writer tries to analyze function and types of reduplication that can be found in Meno-menedialect in Rensing.

            In applying the data into analysis, the writer tend to use descriptive comparative analysis method. According to Sujudi (1978: 40), comparative method is to find the similarity and difference among object, idea, people, procedure and work. This method conducts some steps:

-          Collecting the data related to reduplication.

-          Identifying word/phrases included as reduplication.

-          Making comparison between reduplication in Rensing language and reduplication in Indonesian language.

3.6.       Trustworthiness of Data

            In determining the trustworthiness of data, it is needed some technique. However in this research the triangulation technique is used to check the trustworthiness of data description and the result of investigation. Then, in this study there were two ways of triangulation of data that is researcher, those were:  utilizing data source, method of data collection.

            In the collection the data, the writer used tape recorder and field notes, whereas, recording deals with the utterance of respondent and field notes contains the result of recording.

            According to Moleong (2000: 173) trustworthiness of data constitute of the important concept which construction from validity and reliability concept.

CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION

            This chapter presents the result of research and discussion about reduplication process. This chapter consist of (4.1) Research result, (4.1.1) Types and Function of Reduplication, and (4.2.) Discussion.

4.1.       Research Result

Types and Function of Reduplication

            Reduplication process is process of repetition a base words partially and completely. Reduplication process not change category of word, and not change meaning of words. In Meno-mene dialect, reduplication process is found in prefixes and suffixes, and confixes form, while infixixes is not found on it prefixes are the affixes that are clung to the base form of the word in front position of the word, whereas suffixes are the affixes that are adhering in the end position of the word.

            Reduplication process that are found on Meno-mene dialect, they are full and partial reduplications. Reduplication maybe comes from single word and complex word. There are some categories that can be reduplicated in Meno-mene dialect, they are: noun, verb, adjective and adverb base forms of these word categories can form full or partial reduplication. Word bale-bale is the example of full duplication, and be bao-bao is the example of partial reduplication, the reduplication that derived from prefix, whereas functions of Reduplication depends on types and categories of words. The functions as intensifier, repetition-plural.

4.2.       Discussions

            Meno-menedialect is one of dialect in Sasak language. It is a predominant dialect, which is most widely used by Lombok people and is understood by most Sasak speakers, about ninety percent of Lombok people have some knowledge of Sasak language and use it in their daily life. Meno-menedialect separated on west, central and part of east Lombok. The Sasak language actually is the only spoken language, so there are very few almost nothing references or books that are available in written form. The reason of this case may be because by the minimal of Sasak speakers use it for written purposes and also caused by Sasak language is not used in government or the law, beside in it used there is no special official language for Sasak. So the last Sasak language is difficult to identity its standard. Eventhough Sasak language has not standard language, it doesn’t that mean Sasak language or its dialect not the grammatical language. The writer would be discussion about types and function of reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing.

            In Meno-mene dialect there are two types of reduplication that are full and partial reduplication. These two types of reduplication can be formed from noun, adjective, verb, and adverb. In Sasak Meno-mene dialect of Rensing, reduplication may come from single word and complex word.

4.2.1.      Types of Reduplication in dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

Full and partial reduplication can be formed from base noun and affixed noun. The function of full and partial reduplication on base and affixed noun are semantically plurality and intensifier but it does not category of the words.

4.2.1.1.Types of Noun Reduplication (R) in base

Reduplication by repeating the base morpheme as the base form is called full reduplication. For example:

1.      a.    bale  →        bale-   bale

house (n)      house  Red. houses (n)

         b.   Solah’n        bale- bale’n da

beautiful      your  houses  

‘Your houses  are beautiful’

2.      a.    Tangkong - tangkong

cloth (n)      cloth Red. clothes (n)

b.   Ku  lalu  beli   tangkong – tangkong  sak  no

I     go     buy  Red (plurality) cloth    that one

‘I will go to buy cloth that one’

The Function of the reduplication above by repeating the base morphemes are semantically plural in clause. This function of reduplication (1) and (2) are intensifier semantically plural in clause.

4.2.1.2.Types of Noun Reduplication  in Prefix + Base-Prefix + Base

            The reduplication that is formed from prefix + base can be in form of full reduplication. For examples:

3.      a.    lakoq  →  pe-      lakoq

ask (v)      prefix  ask

         b.   pelakoq→   pelakoq- pelakoq

request (n)  Red. many of request (n)

c.    Mahal         pelakoq – pelakoq   mele na

Expensive   request                    do you want

‘What is expensive request do you want

4.      a.    sakit  → peny- (s) akit

sick (adj)      prefix (n) sick

b.   sakit  → sakit-sakit

disease (n) disease Red-disease (n)

c.    bareh side si sakit-sakit

    latter you will plural sick

The reduplications such in (3) are called full reduplications. This reduplication happen by fully reduplicating the affixed noun. The function of this full reduplication is semantically plural. This reduplication does not change categories of the word.

4.2.1.3.Types of Noun Reduplications in suffix (Confix te- -an)

            Noun reduplication in form of prefix + base suffix (confix) + base, can form partial reduplication that semantically plural that show many kinds of base and intensifier in clause. For examples:

5.      a.    talet →     tetalet–           tetalet

plant (v)   prefix  plant    suffix

b.   tetaletan ↔   tetalet-        taletan

plants (n)      plant            Red. plants (n)

c.    Ape    talet-   taletan          inaq      te

what   plant   Red. Plural   mother here

‘What kinds of plants mother in here’

6.      a.    dagang  → dagangan

seller (n)  seller suffix

b.   dagangan  → dagang-dagangan

thing for sale (n)  seller Red suffix

c.    dagang-dagang-an sai ni

seller  Red. plural  who

‘Whose things are these’

Reduplications such in (5) and (6) is formed by taking an affixation on the base verb, after being affixed then entered noun are reduplicated into a partial reduplication. The function of this reduplication is semantically plural showing many kinds. The affixation changed word category but the reduplication it self does not change word category.

4.2.1.4.Types of Verb Reduplication  in Base

            Verb reduplication can be in forming of full and partial reduplication. It can be formed from a base verb and affixed verb. Full reduplication on verb base can be with or without a change of phoneme. For examples:

7.      a.    tokon  →  tokon- tokon

sit             sit       Red. keep easy

         b.   Arak  to  ta   tokon-token        leq   bale’n da.

There is        sit      intensifier  loc    houses

‘There is a sit down your houses

6.      a.    momot ↔  momot- momot

easy           easy      Red. keep easy

b.   Aku  momot- momot               leq  balen’ ke

I       easy      Red. intensifier  loc. House

‘I am keeping easy in my house’

The example in (7) and (8) are full reduplication without changing categories of the word. The function of reduplication in (7) and (8) are intensifier. This reduplication does not change categories of the word.

Full reduplication on verb bellow is followed by changing phoneme. For example :

9.      a.    balik ↔   balik- belah

break (v)  break  Red. break intensifier (v)

b.   roana demen ite balik belah leq balen da

I like break in my house

When the reduplication takes the base morpheme balik in (9) changed of phoneme a on the first syllable and I on the syllable become eon the first syllable and a on the second syllable. The function of reduplication in (9) shown intensifier.

4.2.1.5.Types of Verb Reduplication  in Prefix + Base

            The reduplication that is formed from prefix + base can be in form of partial reduplication. Before reduplication happens, affixation taking place the reduplication happens by repeating the base morpheme of the affixed verb. For examples:

10.    kakoq  →  ngakok-ngakoq.

Beat           Red. prefix  you

‘latter I will beat you’

11.    singgaq  → ny (S) inggaq

borrow (v)  prefix  borrow

nyinggaq  → nyinggaq-nyinggaq

borrow         prefix Red. borrow

side nyinggaq-nyinggaq tangkong ta doang

you  prefix Red. borrow clothes

‘you are borrow my clothes’

         The reduplication such in (10) and (11) called full reduplication. This reduplication happens by putting prefix on the base morpheme verb. The function of reduplication in (10) and (11) are intensifier shown repeatedly. This reduplication does not change categories of the word.

4.2.1.6.Types of Verb Reduplication in Prefix + Base Prefix + Base

12.    singgaq"ny –(s) inggaq

borrow  (V) n + prefix. Borrow.

Ø  Nyinggaq "nyinggaq – nyinggaq

Ø  Side nyingaq – nyinggak tangkong ta doang

    You red        Red borrow     clothes

Ø  You are borrow my clothes

The reduplication such in happen by faltering prefix on the basic morpheme verb. The function of reduplication in (V) are intensifier shown repeatedly. This reduplication does not change categories of the word.

4.2.1.7.Types of Verb Reduplication in Basic Compound

            Reduplication by repeating full of base compound is called ful reduplication. The following examples are reduplication that formed  base compound –base compound  these are :

13. - entun taik "entun taik - entun taik

         down VP (V) down VP (Red . down up repeatedly (V)

      - endek – ta to entun taik-entun taik leq balen da

        can                   down up                   loc your haouse

‘I can not down up in your house’

            The function of reduplication  in (13) are repetition  shows intensifier. This reduplication does not change categories of the word. The basic form of full reduplication on the base compound verb comes from the basic morpheme compound the verb. The bellow  examples are full of reduplication like (13).

14. - sumpaq senaq "sumpaq senaq –sumpak senaq

  say the  bad word  (v) say the bad red say the bad word (v)

- Sumpaq senaq – sumpaq – senaq siq inaq laun

  say the bad word red – Rep / intensifier / mother latter

15. - rame retak "rame retaq – rame retaq

- rame retak –rame retak dengan merariq lek to 

very noise red people married  loc there

  ‘ in there the people married noisy’

The basic form sumpaq senaq in (14) comes from compound verb. The function of reduplication in (14) and (15) is repetition shown intensifier. The reduplication in (14) and (15) does not change category of the word.

4.2.1.8.Types of Adjective Reduplication in Base

            Reduplication by repeating the base morpheme as the base form are called full reduplication. The following are reduplication that formed base and basa adjective.

16.   a.  bireng ↔   bireng –bireng

black (adj)  black  Red. Many people/things are black (adj)

b.    Bireng –bireng               adik

Black   Red. plur./inten.  Brother

‘Your brother are black’

17.   a.  inges ↔           inges        -inges

beautiful (adj)  beautiful  Red. many girls are beautiful (adj)

b. Inges       -inges                 adik

Beautiful Red. plur./inten. Brother

‘Your brother are beautiful’

The function of reduplication in (16) and (17) are semantically plural shows intensifier. This reduplication does not change categories of the word.

18.   a.  ceredeh ↔ ceredeh -ceredeh

cute (adj)    small     Red. many things/things that look cute (adj)

b.    ceredeh –ceredeh,   tangkong  tie

cute   Red. singular  clothe      that

‘That clothes are cure’

Reduplication on by in (18) is semantically shown is intensifier.

4.2.1.9.Types of Adjective Reduplication in Base + Suffix-Base + Suffix

            Reduplication by repeating affixed adjective is called full reduplication. The following examples are reduplication that is formed from base + suffix-base + suffix.

19.   a.  jigah →     jigah -an

fresh (adj) fresh  suffix

b.    jigahan ↔ jigahan-jigahan

fresher (adj) fresher Red. Many thing/people are fresher (adj)

c.    Jigahan-jigahan    sayur no

Fresh comparative  Red. Plurality vegetable than   

‘That vegetables are fresh’

20.   a.  puteq →     puteq-an

white (adj)  white suffix

b.    pute’an ↔  pute’an        pute’an

whiter (adj) more white  Red. any thing/people are whiter (adj)

c.    Tangkong sak  puteq – puteqan  no

Clothes            white    Red. suffix that

‘The clothe are white’

Reduplication such in (19) and (20) happen by taking an affixation on the base morpheme, after being affixed then affixed adjective are repeated become full reduplication. The base form of full reduplication on affixed adjective comes from affixed adjective. Suffix –anin (19) and (20) are comparative showing plurality.  

4.2.1.10.   Types of Adverb Reduplication in Base-Base

            Adverb reduplication can be in form of a base-base morpheme. For examples:

21.  a. lemaq → lemaq -               lemaq

          tomorrow (adv) tomorrow Red. Uncertain day (adv)

      b. Lemaq-lemaq  ku                 lalo   jok  bale’n da

         Tomorrow Red. intensifier   go    loc   house   

         ‘I will go to your house’

22.   a.  malem ↔malem - malem

evening   evening Red. at the night

b.    Dendek  ulek  malem-malem

Don’t    go      tomorrow / Red. intensifier

‘Don’t go tomorrow’

The base form of full reduplication on the base adverb comes from the base morpheme adverb. Reduplication in (21) by repeating full of the base morpheme has intensifier function. The reduplication does not change categories of the word.

4.2.1.11.   Types of Adverb Reduplication in Prefix + Base-Base 

23.   a.  bian →              ke-     bian

afternoon (adv) prefix afternoon

b.    Kebian- kebian            kemele  uleq

afternoon /intensifier   want     go

‘We go tomorrow’

24.   a.  lemaq →           ke-      lemaq

tomorrow (adv) prefix tomorrow

b.    kelemaq ↔                kelemaq -lemaq

in the morning (adv) morning Red. in the early morning (adj)

c.    Kelemanq – lemaq, ku          lalo  jok  bale

Intensifier   Red. tomorrow  go    loc.  House

‘I want go your house tomorrow’

Reduplication in (23) and (24) happen by putting a suffix on the base morpheme adverb, after putting the suffix then the base morpheme is repeated become partial reduplication. The function of reduplication in (23) and (24) are intensifier. These reduplications doesn’t change category of the word.

4.2.1.12.   Types of Adverb Reduplication in Base- Repeating the Syllables

            Beside full reduplication on the base adverb, can also be found partial reduplication on base adverb. The reduplication by repeating the syllables. The examples below are reduplication that formed from base repeating the syllables adverb.

25.   a.  tengari ↔          tengari -tengari

afternoon (adv)  Red. adverb

b.    Tengari-tengari da     mele ulek

afternoon           you    want go

‘You want go afternoon ’

The base morpheme in (25) consists of three syllables tengari-ngari, the base form are repeated without the first syllable. The functions are intensifier.

4.2.2.      Function of Reduplication in Dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

The function of reduplication in dialect Meno-mene in Rensing depends on types and categories of word.

4.2.2.1.Function of Noun Reduplication in Dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

Reduplication by repeating the base morpheme as the base form is called full reduplication. For example:

§  Bale àbale-bale

House        houses

Solah’n bale-balen’da

Your houses are beautiful

            The function of the reduplication by repeating the base morpheme are semantically plural.

4.2.2.2.Function of Verb Reduplication in Dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

Verb reduplication can be forming in forming of full and partial reduplication.

§  Tokon àtokon-tokon

Sit            sit red keep easy

Arak tok ta tokon-tokon leq balen’da

There is a sit down in your houses

            The function of reduplication in example above is intensifier.

4.2.2.3.Function of Adjective Reduplication in Dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

Full and partial reduplication on adjective reduplication can be formed from base adjective.

§  Bireng àbireng-bireng

Black        black red. many people/think are black

§  Inges àinges-inges

Beautiful   beautiful red. Many girls are beautiful

4.2.2.4.Function of Adverb Reduplication in Dialect Meno-Mene in Rensing

Adverb reduplication can be in form full and partial reduplication, it can be formed from base adverb.

§  Lemaq à lemaq-lemaq

Tomorrow   tomorrow red. Uncertain day

§  Malem à malem-malem

Evening    evening red. At the night

            The function of reduplication in example above are intensifier.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION

5.1.       Conclusion

            Based on the data analysis and the discussion in the previous chapter, the writer finally comes forward to the conclusion as follows:

1.      Reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing classified into two full and partial reduplications.

2.      The function of reduplications depends on the types of reduplication and the word categories, whereas the functions of reduplication in Meno-mene dialect of Rensing are: intensifier, semantically plural and repetition.

5.2.       Sugestion

            Many case that able to grow up from Sasak language and unable to present in this study, so, base on the problem, the researcher hopes to the next researchers to more deeply to do the study and analysis in Sasak language, whether on its internal or external aspects. Next, to another researchers are suggests to do development study of this work by supply their time to enlarge the object, enrich the sources, increase the quality of the research, and grow up the problems that unable to presents in this study.

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