Thursday, January 31, 2013

Artikel Bahasa Inggris Terlengkap dan Terbaru 2013 THE INFLUENCE OF MOVIES ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT


THE INFLUENCE OF MOVIES ON ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT


A. Background

Teenagers are a human teenager. In adolescence humans can not be called an adult but can also be called the children. Adolescence is a period of transition people from children to adults.
Adolescent is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood that runs between 12 years to 21 years.
According to Hurlock (1981) adolescents are those who are in the age of 12-18 years. Monks, et al (given age limit is 12-21 years older. According to Stanley Hall, the teens were in the range 12-23 years. Based on the constraints provided by experts, it can be seen that the onset of adolescence is relatively the same, but the end of adolescence highly variable. fact, there are also known as an extended youth, and youth who shortened.
Adolescent is a period full of problems. This statement has been raised much in the past that at the beginning of the 20th century by Mr. Adolescent Psychology ie Stanley Hall. Opinions Stanley Hall at the moment is that adolescence is a period of storm and stress (storm and stress) is still widely quoted.
According to Erickson adolescence is a time of identity crisis or identity search. The idea is corroborated by James Erickson Marcia who found that there are four identity status in adolescence is identity diffusion / confussion, moratorium, foreclosure, and identity Achieved, Papalia, et al, 2001, Monks, et al, 2000, Muss, 1988). Characteristics of adolescents who are to proceed to seek self-identity is also often a problem in adolescents.
Gunarsa summarizes some characteristics of adolescents that can lead to various problems in adolescents, namely:
The social awkwardness and stiffness in movement. Emotional instability.
There is an empty feeling due to overhaul the views and guidance of life.
The presence of resistance and challenge parents.
Contradictions within itself often becomes the root cause of disagreements with parents.
Anxiety as much desired but is unable to meet all of them teenagers.
Happy experimenting. Glad to explore. Having a lot of fantasy, delusion, and crap.
The tendency to form groups and tendencies group activities.
Based on the theory of development, adolescence is a time when the rapid changes, including changes in the fundamental aspects of cognitive, emotional, social, and achievement. Some teens can handle this transition well namely:
1. The social awkwardness and stiffness in movement.
2. Emotional instability.
3. There is an empty feeling due to overhaul the views and guidance of life.
4. The presence of resistance and challenge parents.
5. Contradictions within itself often becomes the root cause of disagreements with parents.
6. Anxiety as much desired but is unable to meet all of them teenagers.
7. Happy experimenting.
8. Glad to explore.
9. Having a lot of fantasy, delusion, and crap.
10. The tendency to form groups and tendencies group activities.
Based on the theory of development, adolescence is a time when the rapid changes, including changes in the fundamental aspects of cognitive, emotional, social, and achievement (Fagan, 2006). Some teens can handle this transition well, but some teens may suffer a decline in the condition of psychological, physiological, and social. Some adolescent problems that arise are usually associated with many characteristics present in adolescents.
B. Here are summarized some of the major problems experienced by adolescents.

a. Physical and Health Problems
Problems caused by many physical changes experienced by early adolescents when they hit puberty. In adolescents who have completed puberty (adolescent middle and end), physical problems that occur related to dissatisfaction / concern they possessed the physical conditions that are usually not in accordance with the desired physical ideal. They also often compare physical with another person physically or their idols. These physical problems often result in their lack of confidence. Levine & Smolak (2002) states that 40-70% of adolescent girls feel the dissatisfaction on two or more of the body, especially in the hips, buttocks, abdomen and thighs. In a survey study also found nearly 80% of adolescents experiencing dissatisfaction with his physical condition. Dissatisfaction of self is closely associated with emotional distress, excessive thoughts about appearance, depression, low self esteem, the onset of smoking, and eating behavior maladaptiv (& Shaw, 2003; Stice and Whitenton, 2002). Furthermore, dissatisfaction with body image can be a sign of the beginning of the emergence of an eating disorder such as anorexia or bulimia.
In the health issues are not many teenagers who experience chronic pain. Problem is the case is the lack of sleep, eating disorders, or use illegal drugs. Several accidents, even the biggest cause of death in teenagers is characteristic of those who love experimenting.

b. Problem Alcohol and Drug
The use of alcohol and illicit drugs lately has been very poor. Despite efforts to stop the already promoted but cases of drug use does not seem to diminish. There are peculiarities why teens use drugs / drug which is likely the reason they use different reasons that occur in adults. Santrock (2003) found several reasons why teenagers take drugs is because they want to know, in order to increase confidence, solidarity, adaptation to the environment, or for compensation.
· The influence of social and interpersonal skills: including lack of parental warmth, supervision, control and encouragement. Negative assessment of the elderly, the tension at home, divorce and separation of parents.
· The influence of culture and manners: look at the use of alcohol and drugs as a symbol of resistance to conventional standards, the short-term goal-oriented and hedonistic satisfaction, etc..
· Interpersonal Influence: including a temperamental personality, aggressive, people who have an external locus of control, low self esteem, poor coping skills, etc..
· Heterosexual Love and Relationship
· Sexual Problems
· Adolescent Relationships with Both Parents
· Issues Morals, Values, and Religion
As with the opinions of Smith & Anderson (in Fagan, 2006), thinks most teenagers do risky behavior is considered as part of the normal developmental process. Risky behavior is most often done by teenagers is the use of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs (Rey, 2002). Three types of effects that allow the emergence of the use of alcohol and drugs on the result of the functioning teens .  gonadotrofik hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland is the emergence of feelings of mutual interest between male and female adolescents. Feelings of attraction can be increased at the higher feelings of romantic love (romantic love) is overflowing desire to a person or people who often call it "falling in love".
Santrock says that love is romantic love life marks the youth and also is important for the students. Romantic love includes a set of mutually mixed emotions such as fear, anger, sexual desire, pleasure and jealousy. Not all of these positive emotions. In a study conducted by Bercheid & Fei found that romantic love is one of the causes of a person suffering from depression compared with problems with friends. Another type of love is love affection (affectionate love) or often called the love of togetherness that arise when an individual wishes to have other individuals in close and deep, and give love to that person. Love this more marked the older adults than romance.
With the maturation of the sexual organs in adolescents it could lead to the emergence of sexual impulses. About sexual problems in teens is about the problem of how to control the sex drive, the conflict between what is permissible and what is not permissible, the "abnormal" that they experienced relating to the reproductive organs, sexual abuse, homosexuality, pregnancy and abortion, and so on (Santrock, 2003, Hurlock, 1991).
Among the changes that occur in adolescence can affect the relationship of parents with teenagers is: puberty, develop logical reasoning, thinking idealist increased, expectations are not met, a change in the school, peers, friendships, dating, and relationships toward freedom. Some conflicts are common among adolescents with parents only around issues of everyday life such as at home, how to dress, tidy bedroom. Such conflicts are rarely pose a major dilemma as compared with the use of illicit drugs and juvenile delinquency.
Some teens also complained about the ways parents treat their authoritarian, or the attitudes of parents who are too stiff or do not understand the interest of teenagers.
Lately, many parents and educators who are concerned that their children, especially adolescents moral degradation. While the teens themselves are also often faced with moral dilemmas that adolescents feel confused about the moral decisions that must be taken. Although in their family has instilled the values, but the teen will feel confused when faced with the reality turns out these values ​​are very different from the values ​​faced with friends or in a different environment. Supervision of behavior by adults has been difficult over the teenagers because teenagers are very broad. Grinding of conscience as an internal control adolescent behavior is very important for teens to control their own behavior when no parent or teacher and soon realized and repair themselves when he did wrong. From some of the evidence and the facts about teenagers, characteristics and problems that accompany it, may be a discourse for parents to better understand the characteristics of their adolescent children and change their behavior. Their behavior is certainly different now than childhood.

C. Media Visual Media Films For Teens (Television
     Entertainment world simply can not be separated from human life, for human life in need of comfort. After working with the logic of the human brain in a long time, so people need entertainment to stretch your brain and refresh the mind so that it can work optimally again. Therefore, it requires human family entertainment.
Today, a variety of entertainment on offer. One of the most widely performed by the people of Indonesia are watching television. Ranging from children, teens, and parents who spend a lot of his spare time watching television. Because almost every home has a television Indonesian citizen.
Television broadcast events to provide entertainment to the public. Such as soap operas, comedy, films, quizzes, reality shows, and others. Of the shows are the most widely broadcast is patron. The soap opera fans especially womenfolk comforted and satisfied with the soap opera that ditayangan almost every day. In fact almost all private television stations broadcast soap operas. But there are still one or two private television stations not to broadcast soap operas.
Most of the soap opera that aired themed romance. The teenager was a target audience of this dish. This is not surprising because adolescence is puberty. The period in which the familiar love with the opposite sex. Therefore the soap opera story in Indonesia is dominated by romance among teenagers.
Teen-themed soap opera romance contains a story of love that occurs in adolescence. However, it is unfortunate because the story of love in the soap contains more infidelity, freedom of life, sex, drugs, bullying and youth violence. This problem will certainly have a negative impact on the development of adolescent life.
Adolescence is a time of soul-searching. So it is possible actions the characters in the soap opera can be replicated. Even for teenagers who became a big fan of a certain soap opera actress could just mimic the lifestyle and behavior of the artist if the artist is good behavior, then it does not matter. But it would be a problem if the characters in the soap opera acting negatively.
In fact, today many teenagers imitate the lifestyle like in soap operas. Such models clothes and lifestyle synonymous with luxury and kosumerisme. Even with sinetrons containing elements of violence has changed the attitude of teenagers into anarchy. Many teenagers now being indifferent and unconcerned with his surroundings.
With the negative effects of the soap opera that aired not educate it will interfere with the development of teenage life. Moral and adolescent mental attitude becomes damaged.
Teenagers are young people who became the nation. If the problem is allowed to drag on so how is that the nation of Indonesia in the future? So we can be sure our nation's generation just being spectators and users of the progress of other countries. Since his teenage years spent with watching a soap opera that does not educate. And if there is no solution to this problem can be ascertained this nation into a nation down. Always depend on the country because future generations are not concerned with the state of the nation.
Therefore, to prevent and resolve this issue must be a solution to overcome it. Solutions that involve various parties responsible for this problem. Engaging television owners, producers and human soap opera makers, communities and social organizations or institutions concerned. The parties involved have agreed to make a policy to deal with .. So that policy is made not to harm them and be able to provide appropriate solutions. This is done for the sake of the future generation of the nation. Do not let us become the nation's next creative culture accustomed to watching, one look at soap operas. Do not let our nation shoots wither and die sinking with the culture of watching.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

A. Positive Impact Of Teen Movies
Among the many negative impacts, the TV actually has a positive side. In this regard, Media Audio Visual Electronics is able to provide a real picture of the various phenomena in adolescents, more concrete, more easily understood. Thus, teens are more interested and increased memory retention. The positive side of the movie is that in some specific impressions can be a source of lessons that helped us, especially children and young people to understand the world and even enrich the knowledge that has been obtained in school. One study showed that watching behavior such as Sesame Street educational charged for 1-3 hours a week proved to have a positive effect on intelligence. In this case it turns out to obtain better academic value three years later, compared to teens who did not watch educational programs. The study also found that teens who watch a lot of entertainment programs and cartoons proven academic scored lower than a few spend the time to watch the same program.
Other positive aspects of television's presence is a source of information about events happening peristiwayang quickly as natural disasters and so on, you need to know and get noticed quickly. In addition, television also serves as a positive social media, as a medium to mobilize sympathy, empathy, and support for various humanitarian issues that require public responses such as movement of solidarity to help the victims of disaster, the movement of foster parents, and others.
For those who saw the film on the basis of a powerful filter that will add to the understanding of the psychology of each character player who can add knowledge about the human psyche. Sehinnga broaden young people in the decision to choose the position taken in the associate fellow of his age.

B. Film Negative Impact Of Teens
Teens and television have a very close relationship. May even be the relationship between adolescents with television more closely than the interactions between adolescents with family or parents. The presence of the television like a real double-edged blade, providing knowledge and yet have a negative impact on the development of adolescents, physically, psychologically, and socially.
Dr. Roberd Friedland, an American neurologist doctor, said that most people with Alzheimer's disease (memory loss / dementia early) is a rare physical and mental activity are beneficial, and just watch a lot of television.
Many studies reveal the relationship between television violence. In fact, Indonesia's education expert, Prof. Arief Rachman, said that televised violence is very effective to stimulate the lowest human instincts that match the instincts of animals, one of which is the instinct to kill (Koran Tempo, 29 November 2006). Cartoons are also not immune from the various scenes of violence, are like hitting both with his bare hands and blunt weapons, kick and even kill. Notice when a character in the cartoon Tom and Jerry are fighting! Tangible cartoon character cat and dog is always portrayed constantly noisy and almost never get along. Commotion between the two is always tinged with physical violence, even violence between them often involves the use of sharp weapons. In addition to negative behaviors such as violence, there are other negative behaviors exhibited by Tom and Jerry are always colored hostility of their interactions.
How does the influence of the film on the lives of youth?
Teen movie that can be seen in theaters is affecting teenage lifestyle. This is because adolescence is a period that requires a search for identity that can become an idol figure. One was from the actor and actress of the teen movie.
Most of the film is not much of a positive impact, because not all teens have the filter to be able to judge which should be replicated and which are not. Because adolescence is a period of transition in the search for the identity of the teenager who served as the film gives the teen idol metropolis it is only natural that adolescents became teenage metropolis lifestyle.
Movies for teens can take toward promiscuity as drugs, free sex, fighting between students and the celebrity lifestyle is not good to emulate. The film particularly in Indonesia tend to teens theme. Teen-themed movie is being enthused teenagers, while the spectacle and the guidance that the film taught more toward the west live freely, eastern Indonesia as a country that has a tradition full of courtesy and manners high will gradually marginalized western customs leads to a free lifestyle as the norm regardless of religious norms and other norms. It's in regret when the next generation should be broken just because it is affected due to independent films circulating freely in the country.

CHAPTER III CLOSING
A. Conclusion
In adolescence is a period of transition where the soul-filled dilemmas teens are looking for who he ended up with a movie in Indonesia is currently used as a platform to mimic what's in the film. Therefore, to prevent and resolve this issue must be a solution to overcome it. Solutions that involve various parties responsible for this problem. Engaging television owners, producers and human soap opera makers, communities and social organizations or institutions concerned. The parties involved have agreed to make a policy to deal with .. So that policy is made not to harm them and be able to provide appropriate solutions. This is done for the sake of the future generation of the nation. Do not let us become the nation's next creative culture accustomed to watching, one look at soap operas. Do not let our nation shoots wither and die sinking with the culture of watching.
B. Suggestion
As parents and families who care for their children accompany them on and emphasize strong religious norms. Due to the strong religious norms teen finally be able to distinguish between good and bad and can make the filter in response to a film when in view. Of the family environment that attention to could eventually make teens aware of what to do when viewing movies.
adolescents may suffer a decline in the condition of psychological, physiological, and social. Some adolescent problems that arise are usually associated with many characteristics present in adolescents.

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30 Mei 2012 – Plat ini selalu dipakai Bung Karno dalam perjalanan resmi dalam kota Yogyakarta, dengan ... Mobil yang menyandang nomor polisi Rep-1 ini juga memiliki ... Kendaraan kepresidenan itu kini tersimpan rapi di Gedong Joang 45. .... Staf Peneliti pada Departemen Pengembangan Minat Baca Masyarakat, ...
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sepeda motor « tentang Anak Muda & Kehidupannya
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Apa sih yang salah kalau kita pengen sepeda motor kita terlihat sedikit menarik?? Masa sih harus DIWAJIBKAN memasang plat nomor dari pokis (yang kita #
Plat nomor otomatis pengakuan ANPR Pengawasan Teknologi
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identifikasi kendaraan, Mobil Plat, pengakuan Nomor Lisensi piring dan sistem ... lunak pengenalan karakter optik untuk memindai gambar untuk membaca nomor. ... pada tahun 1976 di Inggris dan penggunaan polisi mulai pada tahun 1979. ... Mobil Detector menggunakan kecerdasan simulasi dan negara-of-the-art ...
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Teknologi ANPR Apakah Sangat Berguna Untuk Pekerjaan Polisi
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ANPR teknologi atau nomor plat pengakuan otomatis teknologi itu berasal dari ... optik untuk untuk pemindaian gambar untuk pergi melalui nomor plat mobil. ... Detektor Mobil memanfaatkan keadaan teknologi seni dan kecerdasan simulasi untuk ... CDMS sedang digunakan oleh kendaraan polisi untuk mendeteksi ...
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License Plate Recognition System - Alert di Kendaraan Dicuri
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Plat pengakuan sistem atau sistem Plat Nomor Pengakuan Otomatis memiliki ... Pengakuan plat lisensi dapat digunakan untuk menyimpan gambar yang telah ... Ini membantu polisi dalam mendeteksi kendaraan curian atau tersangka. ... Untuk dapat setiap drive kendaraan bermotor di jalan umum, kendaraan yang harus ...
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Apa dan Bagaimana PhotoBlock Apakah Ini Bekerja
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Ketika diterapkan pada plat nomor, PhotoBlocker Semprot menciptakan mengkilap. ... Gambar yang dihasilkan akan overexposed dan tidak terbaca. ... Polisi departemen di Australia, Belanda dan TV Swedia juga telah ... Setelah Anda plat kering untuk disentuh, tempat kembali pada kendaraan Anda dan Anda selesai.
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Foto Mrs X Ditempel Disertai Nomor HP | hileud.com
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FOTO: Plat Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor. Seorang warga mengambil plat nomor kendaraan untuk mobil di kaki lima depan Masjid Agung Palembang, Rabu ...
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Tanda Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor | Borneo Tutorial Drive
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10 Feb 2012 – Tanda Nomor Kendaraan bermotor (TNKB), ataupun sering kita sebut dengan plat nomor ataupun nomor polisi yang ada di seluruh indonesia, ...
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Heboh Nadila Ernesta Berpose Hot, Pakai Atribut Polisi
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Nadila terlihat mengenakan bikini berwarna hitam dan topi polisi. .... Inilah Motor Lipat U3 Berbentuk Robot Transformer . ... Hindari Pikun dengan Minum Jus Anggur · Plat-plate Nomor Terkeren di Indonesia · Mengenal Plat Nomer Pejabat Indonesia · Para .... Inilah Gambar - Gambar Yang Dapat Menghipnotis And..
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Inilah Foto Foto Aiptu Agus Saat Bantu Mobil Pecah Ban | Bodrex ...
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Terlihat juga Aiptu Agus yang mengenakan rompi polisi kuning dan seragam coklat berjongkok di .... Plat Nomor Mobil Anas Urabaningrum Yang Aneh bin A..
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[PDF]
10 BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Artificial Intelligence Dewasa ini ...
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kendaraan terkendali komputer pertama untuk mengatasi jalan berintang yang kusut secara mandiri. ..... Algoritma Genetika diimplementasikan sebagai simulasi komputer dimana .... Data gambar dapat berupa berbagai bentuk, seperti video, ..... Plat nomor adalah salah satu jenis identifikasi kendaraan bermotor (Menurut ...
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Kewalahan Istri Minta Seks Tiap Hari, Pria Ini Lari Ke Kantor Polisi
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Dengan hanya mengenakan baju kaos dan celana dalam ia meminta polisi menolongnya. ... dan Cepat · Cerita Lucu terbaru pasti Ngakak kalo baca · Foto hot Personel Girlband Princess Yang Cantik da. ... Review Operation Flashpoint Red River, simulasi ta. ... Desain Baru Plat Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesi.#
Mengenal Plat Nomer Pejabat Indonesia
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Mobil dinas pejabat negara memiliki plat nomor khusus. Jika pada saat ... Berikut adalah daftar nomor polisi untuk kendaraan pejabat penting di Indonesia: RI 1 : Presiden (Susilo ..... Inilah Motor Lipat U3 Berbentuk Robot Transformer ... Inilah Motor .... Inilah Gambar - Gambar Yang Dapat Menghipnotis And... Inilah Gambar ...
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Sopir Avanza Diduga Jadi Penambang - Kabar Terkini Seputar ...
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Sedang plat nomor polisi sama sekali tidak ada. ... wanita pengemudi sepeda motor di Jalan Raya Temuguruh, Desa Genteng Wetan, Kecamatan Genteng.
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Contoh Bisnis Berwirausaha Dari Hobi | Blog Internet Marketing
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Agus Salim

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Game Online Mafia Wars Mafia Wars adalah permainan simulasi yang ... Baca terus u. .... tags : cara memasukkan pdf dalam wordpress, cara cek nomor polisi mobil ... cek nomor plat mobil jakarta, cari tau alamat lewat plat nomer kendaraan, ... contoh marketing yang menawarkan pengalaman, cek nomor plat motor dari ...
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by Agus Salim - More by Agus Salim
Game Online Mafia Wars Mafia Wars adalah permainan simulasi yang ... bagaimana cara cek nomor polisi kendaraan bermotor di jakarta, pencarian data ...
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Adalah komentator yang mengaku Baca entri selengkapnya » .... Kaitkata: batas, batasi, jakarta, kendaraan, macet, mobil, motor, pembatasan, pembodohan otomotif, .... Kaitkata: aparat, melanggar, ninja 250, pasal, plat nomer, polisi, razia, tilang, ..... Usai mendapatkan informasi simulasi kredit Honda CBR 250R, ane ...
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[Share] Akhirnya Ane Percaya Ternyata Polisi Ada yang Baik Juga ...
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18 Apr 2012 – Setelah hampir 25 tahun mengendarai kendaraan bermotor dengan SIM, STNK lengkap dan ... mengikuti prosedur. ane baca kembali surat tilang ane dan tampak petugas pengadilan ..... Plat Nomor Mobil Anas Urabaningrum Yang Aneh bin A.. .... James Price, Pria Pembuat Kokpit Pesawat Simulator.
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27 Apr 2012 – Mobil itu menggunakan nomor polisi B 1716 SDC. ... kendaraan yang dinaiki Anas, yakni Toyota Alphard menggunakan pelat .... Video Gambar Porno Dalam Sidang Anggota DPR Thaila. ... Video Rekaman CCTV Aksi Brutal Geng Motor di SPBU . .... Curhatan Hati Wanita, Pria Wajib Baca Ini [UnikPlu.
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23 Apr 2012 – Menggiring motor dengan kondisi motor mati, seolah bensin habis. 6. .... Plat Nomor Mobil Anas Urabaningrum Yang Aneh bin A.. .... Video Gambar Porno Dalam Sidang Anggota DPR Thaila. .... Curhatan Hati Wanita, Pria Wajib Baca Ini [UnikPlu. ... Inilah 10 Kendaraan Pembawa Jenazah Paling Unik Da.
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Kewalahan Istri Minta Seks Tiap Hari, Pria Ini Lari Ke Kantor Polisi. Seorang pria yang tak tahan .... Desain Baru Plat Nomor Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia ...
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Sandi-sandi rahasia Polisi Terbaru 2012
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Sandi-sandi rahasia Polisi, Terbaru, Informasi, Artikel Menarik. ... Kupang Rembang : KendaRaan ... Curanmor : Pencurian Kendaraan Bermotor ..... Daftar Plat Nomor Dan Asal Daerahnya · Berbagai macam teknik fotografi · 10 Orang Hebat Yang Tak Mempunyai .... (NO SARA) Perbandingan Jepang & Indonesia dalam Be.
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CONTOH MAKALAH DAN ARTIKEL BAHASA INGGIRS TENTANG EDUCATION INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM


INDONESIA ECONOMIC SYSTEM


Economic problems is essentially the transformation or processing problems fulfilling / satisfying the needs, the form factors of production, namely labor, capital, natural resources and skills (skill) into goods and services.

The economic system is a branch of economics that addresses the issue of decision-making in the governance structure of the organization to address issues of economic-to achieve national goals of a country. According Dumairy (1966), the economic system is a system that regulates and economic relations between people with a set of institutional arrangements life, then it says also that the economic system does not have to stand alone, but relates to philosophy, and lifestyle of the people point of view place stand. The economic system is actually the only one of the elements in a system of supra society. The economic system is part of the ideological unity of society in a country.

In countries with regimes leiberalisme political ideology of democratic governance, economic ideology generally embraced capitalism with economic management based on market mechanisms. In these countries tends to be etatist State of the Union organizer with a centralized bureaucratic structure. The economic system of a country is said to be typical of so distinguished from the prevailing economic system or implemented in other countries. Based on some corners reviews like:

1. Ownership system resources or factors of production

2. Flexibility competition people to each other and for each other
receive a reward for his performance

3. Levels of the role of government in managing, directing and planning
business life and the economy in general.

Indonesia Economic System

As we know that what determines the form of an economic system but the basic philosophy of the state upheld, it is used as the criteria of the institutions, particularly the economic institutions that became the embodiment or realization of philosophy.

The struggle thinking about what the economic system should be applied in Indonesia has started since Indonesia has not achieved its independence. Until now the struggle continues this thought, this is reflected in the development of thinking about economic system Pancasila SEP. According to Sri-Edi Suwasono (1985), the struggle thinking about ESP is essentially an interpretation of the dynamics of economic provisions in the 1945 Constitution.

1. Article Economy In 1945

Article 33 UUD 1945, is a production branches that dominate the lives of many goods and services that are vital for human life, and are available in limited quantities. The review of the failure of a vital particular item continues to change according to the dynamics of economic growth, improved living standards and increased demand.

Thus the interpretation of the articles on the above that dominated much thinking SEP. Thoughts on ESP, is a lot, but there are some that need to be discussed in detail because they are faunding father and economy figures who participated coloring our economic system, including:

a. Thought Mohammad Hatta (Bung Hatta)

Bung Hatta Proclaimers apart as leaders of Indonesia, also known as the formulator of article 33 of the 1945 Constitution. Hatta bung drafting article 33 is based on the bitter experience of the Indonesian people who for centuries ruled by foreign nations that embrace liberal-capitalistic economic system. The application of this system in Indonesia has caused misery and squalor, therefore according to the Bung Hatta good economic system to be implemented in Indonesia should family feels.

b. Thought Wipolo

Thought Wipolo delivered by Wijoyo Nitisastro debate on article 38 of the Provisional Constitution (article is identical to Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution), 23 september 1955. according  Wilopo, article 33 SEP means strongly rejects the liberal system, therefore SEP also rejected the private sector is the driving The main liberal-capitalistic economic system

c. Thought Wijoyo Nitisastro

Thought Wijoyo Nitisastro was a response to the thought Wilopo. According Wijoyo Nitisastro, Article 33 UUD 1945 so interpreted as a rejection of the private sector.

d. Thought Mubyarto

According Mubyarto, SEP is not a capitalist economic system and socialist. One of the differences with capitalist or socialist SEP is a view of man. In a capitalist or a socialist system, humans are viewed as rational beings who have a tendency to fill the need for material.

e. Thought Emil Salim

The concept of SEP Emil Salim is very simple, the system of the market economy with the planning. According to Emil Salim, in system achieved a balance between a command system to a market system. "Typically an economic system depends closely with the ideology espoused the ideas of a nation".

Sumitro Djojohadikusumo in a speech to the School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, USA Date February 22, 1949, confirmed that aspired to the Indonesian nation is a kind of mixed economy. Certain business fields will be nationalized and run by the government, while others will continue to be located in a private business.

Indonesia's Economic Growth

Since independence in 1945, during the old order, the new order until the present (the reform) Indonesia has gained a lot of political and economic experience. The transition from the old order and the new order has provided a dynamic political climate although eventually lead to authoritarianism, but the economic life changed for the better.

1. Old Order (1945-1966)

At this time the economy is growing less encouraging, as a result of political instability and frequent change of cabinet.

2. New Order period (1966-1997)

Faced with such an economy, the transitional government set economic policy priorities steps as follows:

a. Combating inflation

b. Replenish stocks of food, especially rice reserves

c. Rehabilitating economic infrastructure

d. Increase exports

e. Provide / create jobs

f. Invited back foreign investors

3. Reform Period (1998-present)

In this reform period characterized by economic crisis monoter which continues to be an economic crisis that has yet to show signs of recovery towards. Although there is economic growth of around 6% for 1997 and 5.5% for 1998 where inflation is but inflation still high at around 100%. In 1998 almost all the sectors experiencing negative growth, it is different  with economic conditions in 1999.

Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Indonesia

The factors that affect the growth of Indonesian economists, in general are:

1. Factors of production

2. Factors Investment

3. Factors foreign trade and balance of payments

4. Monetary policy and inflation factors

5. Factors of state finances